Detroit- A Wayne State University interdisciplinary research team in the Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences has made a surprising discovery: older, more mature motorists -- who typically are better drivers in many circumstances -- are much worse than their younger counterparts when texting while driving. Currently published online and scheduled to be published in print in the January 2015 issue of Accident Analysis and Prevention, the study "The Effects of Texting on Driving Performance in a Driving Simulator: The Influence of Driver Age" explores the relationship between texting, driving performance and age.
Randall Commissaris, associate professor of pharmaceutical sciences and Doreen Head, assistant professor of occupational therapy, said the results were surprising because they contradict those of other studies examining the connection between age and distracted driving.
"Generally, people believe that younger drivers are more easily distracted and therefore would be more susceptible to the dangers of texting and driving," said Commissaris. "However, our study -- which included drivers ranging in age from 18 to 59 -- demonstrated just the opposite. Although texting while driving had a negative impact on drivers of all ages, younger drivers were less distracted by texting, and older drivers' performance was much worse because of their texting."
Findings were based on the observation of participants who demonstrated proficiency at texting with one hand, owned smartphones and indicated they were prolific texters. On average, about 50 percent of all subjects had lane excursions -- or crossed from one lane to another -- while texting. But what shocked Commissaris and Head most was that as the age of drivers increased, so did the percentage of lane excursions. One hundred percent of drivers who were between 45 and 59 years old made lane excursions while texting as compared to about 80 percent of subjects between 35 and 44, almost 40 percent of participants between 25 and 34, and nearly 25 percent of drivers between 18 and 24.
"There is a perception that more-experienced drivers can text and drive more safely because they can manage distractions better than less-experienced drivers," said Head. "Not only are adults sending the wrong message because they are telling young people to do as they say, not as they do, but they are also putting themselves and others in harm's way."
Commissaris and Head plan to examine the impact of age on driving and texting further. They hope to find out why age difference is a factor.
"It is possible that, relative to younger drivers, older drivers spend more of their texting time looking at their cell phones and not at the road; this could increase driving errors in our older drivers," said Commissaris. "Alternatively, it is possible that older drivers do not differ from younger drivers with respect to the time spent looking at their phones, but they are more distracted by texting while driving because they are less able to manage the cognitive demands of multitasking. Of course, it is possible that both of these factors may be contributing to the greater extent of texting-induced impairment of driving observed in older drivers. Future studies monitoring eye glances during texting in older and younger drivers will be useful to test these various hypotheses."
Researchers also found that texting while driving in the simulator affected drivers' attitudes about the dangers of texting and driving. Before the study, all 50 participants agreed that texting and driving was dangerous. After the study, 60 percent believed that texting while driving was even more dangerous than they originally thought it was. The study suggests that providing people with the opportunity to experience the effects of texting while driving firsthand helps raise awareness of the risks associated with texting and driving and may have the potential to reduce this dangerous behavior among drivers of all ages.
"This outcome is significant because it has potential application in places like driver's education," said Head. "We would welcome the opportunity to expose more beginning drivers to this type of hands-on prevention experience to deter them from developing the bad habit of texting while driving."
The research team, which also included Gordon Rumschlag, Theresa Palumbo, Aaron Swift, Amber Martin, and Rajiv George, noted that the study underscores the importance of continuing to educate drivers about the hazards of texting while driving, and the need to develop campaigns directed at adults, a group among which the frequency of texting while driving has increased. According to a survey conducted by the Pew Research Center's Internet and American Life Project, 47 percent of texting adults said they had sent or read a text message while driving as compared to 34 percent of texting 16-to-17-year-olds who said they had texted while driving.
About the Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
The mission of the Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences is to advance the health and well being of society through the preparation of highly skilled health care practitioners and, through research, to discover, evaluate, and implement improved models of practice and treatments in health care sciences and pharmacy. To learn more, visit http://cphs.wayne.edu.
About Wayne State University
Wayne State University is a premier urban research institution of higher education offering more than 370 academic programs through 13 schools and colleges to nearly 28,000 students. For more information, visit http://www.wayne.edu.